# Blog Archives

## Trench Excavation Slope

Banks and excavations greater than 4 feet MUST be sloped or otherwise retained. If you have the room to slope the amount of slope must not exceed the maximum allowed.

To determine the maximum allowable slope for an excavation you need to know the soil type in the area. Remember that ALL of these sloped excavations have a maximum depth of 20 FEET, any deeper than that and you must use some form of shoring or layering.

 Soil Type Max Allowable Slope (H:V) Rock Veritcal Type A 3/4 : 1 Type B 1 : 1 Type C 1 1/2 : 1

accordng to OSHA the slope can never exceed 1 : 2.

### Rock

Solid mineral material that remains upright, stable, and intact when it is excavated.

### Type A (compressive strength $1.5 \dfrac{tons}{ft^2}$ or greater)

These are cohesive soils that contain a good amount of clay. A soil cannot be Type A if:

1. it has cracks

2. there is vibration from traffic or some other source nearby (factory)

3. It has been disturbed recently (geologically recently, like a hundred years)

4. soil is part of a sloped + layered system Click here to continue reading

## Average End-Area Method

The Average End-Area method is a useful tool for estimating quantities in construction. It is an approximate method of calculating volume and is accurate enough for most situations.

The general concept is that you calculate the total volume (V) of a material given, the area of two ends (A) and the perpendicular distance between the two area-faces (L). For a volume comprised of several sections you sum them up: